American Civil Liberties Union

VICTORY!
On March 22, 2007, the ACLU declared victory in its challenge to the "Child Online Protection Act" (COPA.) A federal district court ruled that COPA violates the constitutional right to free speech.

This challenge to Internet censorship in ACLU v. Gonzales (originally ACLU v. Reno, then ACLU v. Ashcroft) began in October 2006. The law threatened draconian criminal sanctions, with penalties of up to $50,000 per day and up to six months imprisonment, for sites presenting online material acknowledged as valuable for adults but judged "harmful to minors." Clients included a broad coalition of writers, artists and health educators with a diverse Web presence.

Patricia Nell Warren, one of the ACLU's plaintiffs on the case, blogs about how enforcement of the COPA laws will personally affect her:
"If the law is found enforceable...My body of work, which I have spent 35 years creating and publishing, could disappear in the blink of an eye."



Ten Years of Defending Free Speech Online
1996 - Congress first attempted to censor the Internet >>
1998 - Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) >>
2000 - The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law >>
2004 - The Supreme Court upheld the district court's decision in COPA >>
At the Trial
(More from the transcripts)


> Child Online Protection Act - The Law
> ACLU Cases Concerning Online Free Speech
> Audio: ACLU Lawyers Discuss COPA
> Transcript: Daily Record of the Trial
> Exhibits Used in the ACLU's Closing Arguments

Blog Updates
> ACLU Staff Observations
> Liveblogging from Rufus Griscom and Moe Tkacik of Nerve.com
> Heather Corinna Blogs About the Trial

News Releases
> Court Rules that Government May Not Censor the Internet (3/22/2007)
> Landmark Online Free Speech Trial Wraps Up (11/17/2006)
> ACLU Returns to Court to Defend Online Free Speech (10/23/2006)
> ACLU Urges Court to Reject Government's Bid for Google Records (3/14/2006)
> ACLU Returns to Supreme Court in Renewed Challenge to Internet Censorship (3/2/2004)
> Ruling a Second Time, Federal Appeals Court Upholds Ban on Internet (3/07/2003)
> ACLU Defends Internet Free Speech in Three Courts Coast to Coast (11/1/2002)
> ACLU Files Brief in Second Supreme Court Battle Over Internet Censorship (11/20/2001)

Legal Documents
> ACLU Brief for the Appellees (10/22/2007)
> Government's Appeal Brief (9/17/2007)
> Decision in ACLU v. Gonzales (3/22/2007)
> Amended Complaint for Declaratory & Injunctive Relief (12/8/2004)

Off-Site
> Report of Congressional Commission on Online Child Protection (October 2000)
> ALA: Child Internet Protection Act
> EPIC: Ashcroft v. ACLU - The Legal Challenge to COPA
> ALA: CPPA, COPA, CIPA - Which is Which?

Joan Walsh is the Editor-in-Chief of Salon.com, an online magazine featuring articles on current events, the arts, politics, the media and relationships.
> Statement
Mitchell Tepper runs the Sexual Health Network, which owns and operates sexualhealth.com, a Web site that is dedicated to providing easy access to sexuality information, education support and other sexuality resources.
> Statement
Heather Corinna is a writer, artist, sex-educator and activist whose primary commercial presence on the Web consists of three Web sites that she owns and operates: Scarlet Letters, Scarleteen and Femmerotic.
> Statement
Patricia Nell Warren is a member of the ACLU, an investigative journalist, a columnist and author of gay and lesbian books, including The Front Runner.
> Statement
Aaron Peckham by Hope Harris
Photography Aaron Peckham owns and maintains Urban Dictionary.com, an online dictionary of contemporary slang with more than 400,000 definitions for slang words and phrases.
> Statement
Adam Glickman Adam Glickman started Condomania, the nation's first condom store and a leading online seller of condoms and distributor of safer-sex related materials.
> Statement

The ACLU represents a broad coalition of writers, artists and health educators. They contend that the government's attempt to limit the Internet to G-rated content effectively suppresses a great deal of speech that adults are entitled to communicate and receive. They also argue that because COPA's penalties include jail time, many people will self-censor rather than risk violating the law's vague prohibition on "harmful to minors" material.

Others >>     


1996 - The ACLU's fight against Internet censorship stretches back a decade. Congress first attempted to censor the Internet in 1996, when it passed the Communications Decency Act. The law criminalized "indecent" speech online. The ACLU sued, arguing that the law abridged the First Amendment. All nine Supreme Court justices agreed and struck down the law. For the first time, in ACLU v. Reno, the Supreme Court recognized that online speech deserves full First Amendment protection.

1998 - In reaction to the Supreme Court's decision, Congress passed the Child Online Protection Act (COPA), a federal law that imposes severe criminal and civil penalties on people who put material the government deems "harmful to minors" on the Web. COPA was obsolete from its inception because Congress, in its haste to regulate the emerging medium, failed to predict that new technologies would render the law meaningless. The ACLU sued the day that COPA came into force and the district court quickly halted enforcement of the censorship law. It held that the ACLU was likely to succeed in proving the law unconstitutional.

2000 - Introduced in Congress in 1999, the Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law in 2000. The ACLU and the American Library Association filed a lawsuit, Multnomah County Public Library et al. v. Ashcroft, seeking to get the law enjoined because it violates the Constitution to require libraries to use filters on public computers. In a nuanced ruling, in 2003, the Supreme Court upheld the law, but modified it so that if a patron asks, the library must remove the filter.

2004 - The Supreme Court upheld the district court's decision to stop the enforcement of COPA. Because the Internet had changed dramatically in the five years since the district court gathered factual evidence, the Justices returned the case to the district court for a full trial on whether there are effective ways to keep children safe online that burden speech less than COPA's criminal penalties.

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