Elimination of Policy Adopted by Police Superintendent Could Lead to Litigation
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
CONTACT: media@aclu.org
Richmond, VA — The ACLU of Virginia has asked Governor Robert F. McDonnell to ignore lobbying efforts by the Family Foundation of Virginia and the Virginia Christian Alliance, who are seeking the rescission of a policy requiring that prayers offered by state police chaplains at police-sponsored events be non-sectarian.
State Police Superintendent Col. W. Stephen Flaherty instituted the policy in 2008 shortly after the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a similar policy requiring only non-sectarian prayers at the opening of Fredericksburg City Council meetings. In its decision on the Fredericksburg policy, the Fourth Circuit relied on Supreme Court precedents holding that prayers delivered on behalf of the government must not favor any one religion over others.
"The policy enacted by the state police is consistent with federal court rulings, and it serves the important purpose of preventing state police chaplains from violating the First Amendment," said ACLU of Virginia Executive Director Kent Willis. "There is no reason for the Governor to bow to pressure from groups that are encouraging the police to break the law by delivering sectarian prayers at government events."
"This is a policy the Governor should embrace, not reject," added Willis. "As individuals we have the right to practice the religion of our choice, but the Governor's job is to see that the state of Virginia protects religious liberty for all. He can only do that by making sure that government agents do not favor any particular religion when they represent the state in the performance of their official duties."
Since the policy's adoption, legislators have twice attempted to pass a law prohibiting the Police Superintendent from regulating the content of prayers offered by chaplains at official functions. In 2009 a bill sponsored by Delegate Charles W. Carrico, Sr. passed the House of Delegates, but was later voted down in the Senate. Carrico's 2010 version of the bill was left in committee with no action taken.
The Supreme Court has ruled that in limited circumstances the government may offer prayers without violating separation of church and state. However, such prayers must be broad, inclusive and non-sectarian in order to avoid religious favoritism by the government. Exceptions have been made for military personnel and incarcerated persons, who must rely on government agents for their religious experiences.
A letter faxed from the ACLU to Governor McDonnell follows.
April 28, 2010
VIA FAX: (804) 371-6351
The Honorable Robert F. McDonnell
Office of the Governor
Patrick Henry Building, 3rd Floor
1111 East Broad Street
Richmond, Virginia 23219
RE: Sectarian Prayers at Police-Sanctioned Events
Dear Governor McDonnell:
According to news reports, several Virginia organizations have asked you to rescind a policy requiring police chaplains to offer only non-sectarian prayers at police-sanctioned events. I urge you to leave the policy in place in order to ensure that police chaplains in Virginia fully comply with U.S. Supreme Court and Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals decisions requiring that government-sponsored prayers be nonsectarian.
Bills to Rescind Superintendent's Policy Failed in 2009 and 2010
The Virginia General Assembly has twice considered legislation intended to reverse the Superintendent's policy. In 2009, the House of Delegates passed HB 2314, which prohibited the Superintendent from interfering with content of prayers offered by police chaplains at government-sponsored events. HB 2314, however, was rejected by the Senate. In 2010, both the House and the Senate rejected similar bills.
Court Precedents Support Superintendent's Policy
In Marsh v. Chambers, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that that the Nebraska legislature could open its meetings with a prayer. Although the clear implication of the ruling was that non-sectarian prayers were permissible but that sectarian prayers were not, the court did not explicitly come to this conclusion. ("The content of the prayer is not of concern to judges where, as here, there is no indication that the prayer opportunity has been exploited to proselytize or advance any one, or to disparage any other, faith or belief.")
However, in County of Allegheny v. ACLU, the high court clarified that government-sponsored prayers must be non-sectarian. ("Indeed, in Marsh itself, the Court recognized that not even the ‘unique history' of legislative prayer can justify contemporary legislative prayers that have the effect of affiliating the government with any one specific faith or belief. The legislative prayers involved in Marsh did not violate this principle because the particular chaplain had ‘removed all references to Christ.'")
Later, in Wynne v. Town of Great Falls, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Christian prayers offered at the Great Falls Town Council meetings were impermissible. ("Here, the Town Council insisted upon invoking the name ‘Jesus Christ,' to the exclusion of deities associated with any other particular religious faith, at Town Council meetings in public prayers in which the Town's citizens participated. Thus, the Town Council clearly "advance[d]" one faith, Christianity, in preference to others, in a manner decidedly inconsistent with Marsh.")
In Turner v. Fredericksburg Rev. Hashmel Turner, a member of the Fredericksburg City Council, challenged a policy prohibiting him from delivering sectarian prayers at the beginning of council meetings. In an opinion written by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, who cited both Marsh and Wynne, the Fourth Circuit in 2008 upheld the Fredericksburg policy.
In September 2008, shortly after the Turner decision, State Police Superintendent Col. W. Steven Flaherty instituted the policy at issue here, which mirrors the Fredericksburg City Council policy upheld by the Fourth Circuit.
Presence of Policy Avoids Legal Action
It is our understanding that the Superintendent of Police enacted the non-sectarian prayer policy because some police chaplains regularly violated the legal precedents cited above when they prayed at police-sponsored events. Indeed, according to news reports several chaplains resigned in protest after the new policy was implemented.
If the Superintendent's policy is rescinded, it stands to reason that some chaplains may again offer sectarian prayers at police-sponsored events. Were that to occur, the participating chaplains would be in clear violation of the law, thus inviting litigation.
Why the Policy Matters: Religious Liberty in the U.S.
According to recent studies, the people of the United States are the most religious of all the western democracies. They also practice more different religions than any nation in history. We owe this remarkable state of affairs to two constitutional principles that have served our nation well for more than 200 years: the right to free exercise of religion and the mandate that the government act with strict neutrality on matters of religion.
Government officials are, of course, free to practice the religion of their choice and even to invoke their personal religious beliefs while at work. However, when government officials offer a prayer at a government-sponsored event, they speak not for themselves but on behalf of the government they represent. It is during these times – at school board meetings, city council meetings, police-sanctioned events, and the like – that government officials must maintain religious neutrality. Any hint that the government prefers one religion over others not only constitutes an endorsement of a particular religion, but also implies that other religions are somehow inferior.
The Superintendent's policy is therefore not only consistent with legal precedents, but also with our nation's broad mandate for religious liberty.
I thank you for you attention to this important matter, and I hope that you will refrain from rescinding the Superintendent's policy on non-sectarian prayers at police-sponsored events.
Please feel free to contact me at 644-8080 or kwillis@acluva.org if you would like to discuss this issue.
Sincerely,
Kent Willis
Executive Director